t is undeniable that our heritage, brimming with historical significance, has remained undervalued and needs to be more adequately preserved. Pakistan boasts an untapped treasure trove of historical sites, making it a potential hub for the tourism industry. This rich heritage extends from the northern to southern corners, stemming from centuries of significant events in the region’s history, including contributions from various governments.

Gujranwala, in particular, stands as a gift to all Pakistanis. While a relatively new city in its modern form, this area has hosted settlements for generations. The city’s roots trace back to 1758 when Charat Singh erected a modest mud fort at Sarai Kumbuhan. The Sikh settlements in Gujranwala brought with them the construction of gurudwaras, temples, and havelis, evoking a rich historical tapestry. Regrettably, the preservation of such relics, including the havelis of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his ancestors, falls short of our collective responsibility.

Similarly, the neglect extends to the wealth of gurdwaras, temples, and samadhas in the region. With due exploration and presentation, Gujranwala has the potential to become Pakistan’s premier destination for religious tourism. This vision, however, hinges on the government’s commitment to its development. Many Pakistani cities hold hidden historical treasures that deserve the spotlight and thorough discovery. The day we implement a dedicated policy and framework at the government level for these invaluable sites and artefacts remains a hopeful aspiration.

Today, let’s delve into another captivating facet of Gujranwala. Historians affirm this site is a Jain temple, a gem steeped in Jainism’s rich legacy. References to this temple grace the pages of various Jainism texts, attributing its construction to honour the esteemed Jain scholar, Shri Atmaramji.

While much has been documented about Pakistan’s Hindu and Buddhist sites, the nation’s historical connection with Jainism has often been overlooked. Scattered throughout the country are ancient Jain temples erected in memory of various Jain Acharyas. Among these revered figures, one of the most distinguished priests in recent history was Acharya Vijayanandsuri, affectionately known as Atmarji of Gujranwala. His mausoleum still stands in the heart of Gujranwala, a testament to a rich and lesser-known facet of Pakistan’s history.

Ancient Jain scriptures unveil a fascinating chapter of history – the extensive journey of Mahavira, the 24th and last Jain Tirthankar, through the vibrant landscapes of Punjab. While the specific names from these ancient references have faded with time, devoted Jain followers probably commemorated his visit by raising cherished landmarks. The echoes of Jain heritage resonate across Pakistan’s Punjab, in cities like Kasur, Lahore, Multan, Sialkot, Bhera, and Jhelum, where remnants of their reverence are etched into the region’s history.

In discussing Pakistan’s rich tapestry of non-Muslim heritage, one cannot overlook the profound Sikh heritage that permeates the country. With several hundred Sikh Gurdwaras scattered throughout, most of these stand as enduring tributes to the Sikh Gurus.

Focusing on the temple in question, it comprises three distinct sections. The central building serves as the resting place of Atma Ramji’s last rites. One of the neighbouring structures once functioned as a temple, while the other served as a residential area.

Many of this remarkable structure’s artefacts and decorative items found their way to the Lahore Museum, where they remain on display in the Jain Gallery. Historical accounts recount the building’s exquisite construction, featuring a harmonious marble and red tiles blend.

Tragically, this memorial site became embroiled in confusion a few years ago when a photographer mistakenly identified it as the Samadha of Charat Singh, who happened to be Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s grandfather. This misattribution understandably stirred resentment within the Jain community. In response, various efforts were initiated by the Jain community, with influential individuals even appealing to the United Nations to rectify this misconception.

My emphasis on this monument underscores the importance of accurate research on these historical sites, followed by thoughtful documentation. Ambiguities surrounding our monuments can obscure their true essence, imperilling the preservation of their rich heritage.

Now, let’s delve into the captivating history of Acharya Vijayananda Suri (1837–1896), fondly known as Atmaramji of Gujranwala. He is the first Swatambara Murti Pujaka Jain Bhikkhu in modern times to receive the esteemed title of Acharya. His disciple Vallabhsuri called him “Navaga Nirmata” (Architect of a New Age). Shri Atma Ramji’s father served as an army officer in Ranjit Singh’s forces. At the tender age of sixteen, he embarked on his spiritual journey, assuming the name Atmaramji. Alongside his fellow ascetics, Atmaram delved deep into the study of Jain scriptures, leaving an indelible mark on the faith. His passing on 20 May 1896 in Gujranwala, now in Pakistan, led to the construction of a memorial shrine in his honour, a testament to his remarkable legacy.

A dive into his historical background reveals that Atmaramji was born on the 1st day of Chitra Shukla in the year 1837 in the village of Lahara, located in the Ferozepur district of Punjab, which now falls within the boundaries of India. He hailed from a Brahma Kshatriya caste with his father, Ganesh Chandra, and his mother, Rup Devi. Tragedy struck their family when Atma Ramji’s father, a valiant soldier in Ranjit Singh’s army, lost his life in combat when Atma Ramji was just a young child. Subsequently, his mother relocated to Hoshiarpur, where Atma Ramji was raised under her loving care.

During this period, his mother found employment with a Jain family, marking the onset of Atma Ramji’s journey into Jainism. While living with this Jain family, Atma Ramji had the opportunity to interact with influential Jain figures and scholars, exposing him to the profound tenets and teachings of the faith.

The mausoleum of Atmarji of Gujranwala still stands in the heart of Gujranwala, a testament to a rich and lesser-known facet of Pakistan’s history.

His early education encompassed Hindi and Arithmetic, with his curiosity leading him to engage with Sthanakvasi sadhus, where he commenced his religious studies. In the year 1853 AD, he underwent initiation as an Asthnakvasi Sadhu. Notably, Atmaramji’s keen intellect enabled him to memorise 100 verses daily. Although he had acquired knowledge of the Shastras from the Asthanakvasi sadhus, he began questioning their interpretations. Providentially, his pursuit of knowledge extended to Sanskrit grammar, philosophy, and logical works, guided by a knowledgeable pandit. This marked the beginning of an extraordinary intellectual and spiritual journey.

Fearlessly departing from the Asthnakavasi doctrine, Atmaramji ventured to Ahmedabad in 1875. Notably, he embraced the Svetambara Sadhu path under the guidance of Buddha Vijayaji, a Jain Sadhu from the region. In 1886 AD, he embarked on a journey to Palitana, Kathiawar, where he resided for four months during the rainy season. His intrepid travels then took him on a remarkable odyssey, traversing from Gujarat to Punjab on foot.

During his extensive travels, Atmaramji unearthed concealed Jain literature, shedding light on hidden treasures. Various Jain Bhandars from Rajputana examined these discoveries, with Atmaramji meticulously transcribing many of the older and invaluable manuscripts.

He called Punjab his home for an extended period, where his renown transcended regional boundaries. Numerous individuals from diverse religious sects sought discourse with him on matters of faith. In response, Atmaramji exhibited a remarkable combination of gentleness, politeness, and respect when addressing their inquiries. His eloquence and wisdom left listeners in awe. His ideological stance was marked by liberalism, and his character exuded a sense of calm and tranquillity.

In 1892, Atmaramji was honoured with an invitation to attend the Parliament of World Religions in Chicago. However, due to a combination of religious and personal constraints, he could not go. In his stead, he appointed Mr. Virchand Raghoji Gandhi BA as his representative, ensuring that Jainism was aptly represented on the global stage.

Atmaramji’s teachings led to the construction of numerous Jain temples in Punjab, inspiring around 15,000 individuals to convert to Jainism through his persistent efforts. He also championed the establishment of Pathshals and libraries in various districts of Punjab and across the country. After dedicating his life to virtuous endeavours, he peacefully passed away in 1896 AD in Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. His devoted disciples preserved his remains and constructed a Samadha in his honour. Regrettably, the current condition of this Samadha reveals neglect and misuse.

I earnestly appeal to the government to intervene and oversee the proper preservation of this historical site. A well-maintained Samadha would not only infuse a sense of harmony into Pakistan but also serve as a catalyst for religious tourism.

This monument, built by Jain followers of Vijayanandsuri, borrows its design from Sikh samadhis created for similar purposes. Notably, the central octagonal chamber and its dome share a striking resemblance with the Mahan Singh Samadhi located about 800 meters to the north. These architectural parallels have led to misleading beliefs that the monument might be the samadhi of Ranjit Singh’s grandfather. However, this assertion seems unlikely for various compelling reasons.

The assertion that the building in question is the memorial of Acharya Vijayanand Suri is supported by several compelling reasons. Firstly, a well-preserved photograph of the monument, showing it in a pristine state, is found in The Chicago-Prashnottar, a document from 1918, which was translated from a 1905 Hindi edition detailing the life of Acharya Vijayanand Suri.

Secondly, during Acharya Vijayanand Suri’s lifetime, he played a prominent role in the construction of numerous Jain mandirs (temples) and libraries, a testament to his significant influence and fame. Given his stature, it is highly likely that his devoted disciples would have felt a strong inclination to memorialise his passing with a fitting monument.

Thirdly, the Gujranwala Heritage Foundation itself vigorously supports the assertion that the building is the memorial of Vijayanand Suri, referencing multiple historical sources to bolster this claim. Notably, they point out the presence of Jain votive plaques embedded in the floor and highlight the building’s listing as a Jain temple in the records of the Department of Funds and the Land Revenue Board.

While the Jain community no longer actively used the building, having been taken over by the local police for use as a police station in 1984, and with most officers having moved to a new building in 2003, its historical significance remains undeniable. Currently, only the central chamber is occupied by the police, serving as the personal office of the Deputy Superintendent of Police, Gujranwala. Although this police presence may not have been intentional, it has inadvertently deterred the local “land mafia“ from attempting to occupy the structure, a potential “blessing in disguise.” It is essential to recognise that historical buildings in Gujranwala are frequently subject to illegal occupation and looting, as exemplified by the unfortunate fate of Ranjit Singh’s summer residence, a fate that Vijayanand Suri’s monument has, so far, managed to avoid.

Vijayanandsuri’s exceptional journey to fame began when he became the first monk in many centuries to receive the esteemed title of Acharya, a rare and revered honour among Jain devotees. His intellect and deep knowledge guided him as he embarked on foot journeys throughout Gujarat and Punjab. His mission was to establish Jain bhandaras (libraries) that would make ancient Jain manuscripts more accessible to the public. Through his dedicated efforts, several valuable manuscripts were discovered, transcribed, and distributed, shedding light on the profound Jain heritage.

His endeavours captured the attention of Western scholars, who extended an invitation for him to attend the 1893 Parliament of World Religions in Chicago. While he declined to participate personally, he entrusted this significant mission to Virchand Gandhi, his deputy. Gandhi’s remarkable performance at the event earned him a silver medal and substantial coverage in American newspapers.

Building on this experience, Vijayanandsuri authored the book “The Chicago-Prashnottar, or Questions and Answers on Jainism for the Parliament of Religions Held at Chicago U.S.A. in 1893.” This pioneering work marked the first book-length primer on Jainism published in English, representing a milestone in disseminating Jain teachings to a global audience.

Shortly after this remarkable achievement, Vijayanandsuri passed away in Gujranwala in May 1896, leaving behind a lasting legacy of knowledge and spiritual insight.

Acharya Vijayananda Suri, also known as Atma Ramji of Gujranwala, left this world on 20 May 1896 (Jayeshtha Shukla 13, Vikram Samut 1953) in Gujranwala, which is now a part of Pakistan. A memorial shrine was erected in his honour in Gujranwala, although it currently serves as a police station in the Sabzi Mandi area. The cenotaph and his revered footprints have been relocated to the Lahore Fort Museum.

The legacy of Acharya Vijayananda Suri, Atma Ramji of Gujranwala, resounds throughout Jain history. His remarkable contributions to Jainism, including his writings, reforms, and unwavering advocacy, have etched an enduring mark on the Jain community. His tireless quest for knowledge, profound devotion to Jain scriptures, and persistent efforts to fortify Jain identity continue to inspire and resonate with present and forthcoming generations.

The writer is a freelance journalist based in Gujranwala. He has a keen interest in exploring Pakistan’s northern areas. He may be reached at waseemshabbir78@gmail.com