Interesting world history of Field Marshals

This rank of five-star general is mostly ceremonial in nature awarded even to civilians; Pakistan has to-date only one Field Marshal while India has three; some FMs were stripped of the rank when they fell from grace, e.g. Gen Foneska of Sri Lanka and King Hirohito of Japan; Mustafa Kamal was also a Field Marshal, and Saudi Arabia honoured Prince Khalid bin Sultan with the rank

LAHORE: The rank of Field Marshal, which means the custodian or keeper of king’s horses in old German language, has existed in innumerable countries for at least 830 years or since 1185, when General Alberic Clement (1165 – 1191) was decorated as the first Field Marshal of the world by the then French King Philip Augustus, research shows.

Field Marshal Clement had accompanied King Philip on the Third Crusade, but had died in 1191. The title of Field Marshal was briefly abolished in France between 1793 and 1804) and remained dormant between 1870 and 1916. This office was restored during the First French Empire when Napoleon I became Marshal himself.

Appointed a Field Marshal in 1618, Johann Tserclaes (1559-1632) of the Holy Roman Empire had commanded the Catholic forces in the deadly 30-year long wars against the Protestants. 

These wars, resulting in millions of casualties, were fought in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648.

In Germany, where the rank had existed since 1631, more than 100 Generals had gone on to become Field Marshals, between 1806 and 1945.

German General Hans Georg von Boitzenburg (1583-1641) was his country’s first Field Marshal in 1631.

Some 316 years ago, in the year 1700, Count Feodor Golovin (1650-1706) of the Russian Empire was awarded this title.

According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, he was deemed to be superior to all his Russian contemporaries because he was a true statesman, while others were still learning the traits of the art.

Upon his death, the then Russian Emperor (Tsar) had expressed a lot of grief.

In 1736, a British Army officer Lt. General George Hamilton (1766-1937) was decorated as a Field Marshal for rendering meritorious services during numerous battles including the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1715), a major European conflict of the early 18th century.

According to the July 29, 2014 edition of the “Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,” General Hamilton hailed from a noble Scottish family.

The prestigious, yet ceremonial slot of Field Marshal or a five-star army General has existed in various countries including Great Britain, India, Pakistan, China, Finland, former Soviet Union, Russian Federation, Austria, Italy, Bangladesh, Brunei, Australia, France, Germany, New Zealand, Greece, Japan, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Portugal, Poland, Sweden, Spain, South Korea, Malaysia, Nigeria, Brazil, Oman, South Vietnam, Afghanistan, Albania, Zaire, Nepal, Mongolia, Finland Ethiopia Egypt, Belarus, Bahrain, Yemen, Philippines, Peru, North Korea, Ghana, Yugoslavia, Venezuela, Uganda Jordan, Iran, Iraq, Liberia, Romania, Croatia, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Tunisia, Sudan Sri Lanka, Thailand, South Africa, Serbia and Syria etc.

It goes without saying that in most cases, this rank is given to the rarest of rare Generals.

Interesting facts about Field Marshals all over the world:

Pakistan has had just one Field Marshal in its 69-year old history.

The second Pakistani President and Army Chief General Ayub Khan was a self-appointed or self-proclaimed Field Marshal after the 1965 Indo-Pak War.

Other military historians suggest Ayub Khan had not elevated himself to the office of the Field Marshal in Pakistan because he claimed to have won the 1965 War with India, but because he was chosen as head of all armies of the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) countries.

The RCD was a multi-governmental organisation which was originally established in 1964 by Pakistan, Iran and Turkey in 1964 to allow socio-economic development of the member states.

All three RCD countries were closely allied with the United States and were wary of the perceived Soviet expansionism. The RCD had become defunct after the Iranian Revolution, and a Pakistani-Turkish initiative led to the founding of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) in 1985.

The neighbouring India has thus far had three Field Marshals.

General Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw (1914-2008) was the first Indian Army officer to be promoted to the five-star rank of Field Marshal. He was the eighth Chief of the Indian Army, under whose command the Indian forces had fought the 1971 Pak-India War that had led to the birth of Bangladesh. The then President of India had conferred upon him the rank of Field Marshal in January 1973.

The first Indian Army Commander-in-Chief General Madappa Cariappa (1899-1993), who had led Indian forces on the Western Front during the Indo-Pak War of 1947-48, was appointed Field Marshal on 28 April 1986 by the government of India as a token of gratitude for the exemplary services rendered by him to the nation.

Both Manekshaw and Cariappa had lived up to the age of 94. 

The Lyallpur-born Indian Air Force Officer Arjan Singh, still alive at 97, was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal in January 2002. He had led the Indian Air Force during the Indo-Pak War of 1965.

With the death of Field Marshal Manekshaw in June 2008, he is the only living Indian military officer with a five-star rank.

Not so long ago, the Sri Lankan Army Chief General Sarath Fonseka (born 1950) was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal in March 2015.

Under his command, the Sri Lankan forces had ended the 26-year Sri Lankan civil war in 2009.

He had defeated the deadly Tamil Tigers. 

After retiring from the Army with the rank of General, he had pitched himself as a presidential candidate in his country’s 2010 elections, though he was defeated by President Rajapaksa.

General Fonseka was stripped of his civil rights, rank and decorations.

Following his controversial defeat in the presidential election, he was elected to Parliament in the general election that followed. 

Soon after he lost his parliamentary seat and was made a political prisoner.

Fonseka had then supported Maithripala Sirisena in the 2015 presidential polls. Following his victory, the newly appointed President Sirisena gave Fonseka a full pardon reinstating his rank and decorations. Later he was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal on March 22, 2015. 

King Birendra and King Mahendra of Nepal were designated Field Marshal of the British Army.

The world has seen a few hundred Field Marshals, including 141 in Great Britain and 64 appointed during the Russian Empire.

After 1917 the rank was abolished in the former Soviet Union. In 1935 however, the Soviet Red Army introduced the equivalent rank of “Marshal of the Soviet Union” when military ranks were restored under Stalin's rule.

In most cases, professional soldiers, who had to their credit extraordinary military achievements, like a wartime victory for instance, were honoured by their respective countries and appointed to this slot.

About a dozen foreign monarchs were also given the title of Field Marshal by Britain. These ceremonial appointments were made as diplomatic gestures. 

However, German Emperor Wilhelm II, Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I and the Japanese King Hirohito were stripped of this title when their countries became enemies of Britain and her allies in the two world wars.

Arthur Wellesley, the First Duke of Wellington (1769-1852), was just 44 at the time of his promotion in 1813.

According to the “London Gazette,” he was the youngest non-royal officer to earn the rank of Field Marshal. He was also the only Field Marshal to become the Prime Minister of Britain, though several others served as cabinet ministers.

Arthur has served twice as British Premier between 1828 and 1834.

Charles Moore (1730-1822) was the oldest, promoted at the age of 91 in the year 1821, while a further 23 officers were promoted as Field Marshals in their eighties.

A few members of the British Royal family including George V, George VI, George VII, George VIII, Queen Elizabeth’s sons Prince Charles and Price Edward and the 90-year old sitting monarch’s husband Prince Philip were also promoted to this rank.

Meanwhile, Queen Victoria had appointed her husband Prince Albert as a Field Marshal, and her granddaughter Elizabeth had followed suit by elevating her life partner Prince Philip to this slot. 

The June 16, 2012 edition of the BBC had stated: “The Prince of Wales has been awarded the highest rank in all three military services by the Queen. Prince Charles becomes a Field Marshal, Admiral of the Fleet and Marshal of the Royal Air Force. His appointment to the honorary five-star ranks recognises his support for the Queen as Commander-in-Chief. Two other members of the Royal Family already hold five-star military ranks, the Duke of Edinburgh in all three services and the Duke of Kent, who is a Field Marshal. Promoting heads of the services to five-star ranks was stopped in 1995 to cut costs but has been retained in special circumstances.”

While General Charles Guthrie of British Army was in 2012, General John Dawson Walker was elevated to this titular post in June 2014.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founder of modern Turkey and the country’s first President, was also a Field Marshal.

The United States has never used the rank of Field Marshal; however, General Douglas MacArthur was appointed a Field Marshal of the Philippine Army from August 24, 1936, until December 31, 1937.

On December 14, 1944, the US Congress had created the rank of “General of the Army,” a five-star rank equivalent to that of Field Marshal in other countries.

Two days later, General George Marshall was promoted to this rank, becoming the first five-star general in American history.

In Saudi Arabia, former deputy minister of defence and a member of the House of Saud, Prince Khaled bin Sultan (born 1949), was promoted to this rank by King Fahd shortly after occupation of Kuwait by Iraq in the first 1990-91 Persian Gulf War.