Social well-being in Pakistan: key reforms for a prosperous future

LAHORE: Improving social well-being in Pakistan requires comprehensive reforms in governance, education, healthcare and employment generation.

Pakistan ranks low compared to other regional economies in the Social Progress Index (SPI), which measures how well countries address the social and environmental needs of their citizens. The SPI evaluates various dimensions, including basic human needs, foundations of well-being and opportunity, to assess the quality of life and social progress in different nations.

Bangladesh is ranked 121st with an SPI score of 54.6, and Pakistan occupies 134th place with a score of 48.9. These rankings indicate that among the four countries, Sri Lanka has the highest social progress, falling under the Upper Middle Social Progress (Tier 3) category. India and Bangladesh are in the Lower Middle Social Progress (Tier 4) category, while Pakistan is classified under Low Social Progress (Tier 5).

Addressing economic disparities, strengthening institutions and fostering social inclusion are essential steps towards creating a more cohesive and prosperous society. Social well-being refers to the overall quality of relationships and interactions individuals have within their community. It encompasses factors such as social inclusion, access to basic needs, emotional support, safety and opportunities for personal growth. A society with high social well-being fosters strong social bonds, mutual respect and equitable opportunities for all citizens. Currently, the widening gap between the rich and the poor leads to social unrest and limits opportunities for the underprivileged.

Social well-being can be improved through various measures, including providing quality education to help individuals secure better jobs, make informed decisions, and contribute positively to society. A growing workforce with limited job opportunities leads to frustration and social instability. Social well-being cannot be achieved without creating employment opportunities. Job creation reduces poverty and social unrest, enabling individuals to lead fulfilling lives.

Establishing a strong healthcare system that ensures all citizens, especially the underprivileged, receive proper medical care is crucial. Underfunded healthcare services in Pakistan leave a significant portion of the population vulnerable to disease and malnutrition.

Welfare programmes, pensions and unemployment benefits that support vulnerable populations are essential for the general welfare of the population. Achieving this requires ensuring justice, fairness and protection against discrimination, which fosters a peaceful and inclusive society. Government policies that encourage civic participation, volunteerism, and community development strengthen social cohesion. Guaranteeing freedom of speech, association, and protection from discrimination ensures an equitable society. In Pakistan, weak institutions, nepotism and corruption prevent the equitable distribution of resources. Access to education, particularly for women and rural communities, is limited, restricting upward mobility.

Developing infrastructure, public spaces and recreational areas enhances the quality of life. Resource-starved Pakistan is not in a position to achieve these objectives, especially as scarce resources are often directed only towards the elite.

The general welfare of the population is currently hindered by crime, terrorism and political instability, which have created an environment of fear and restricted social mobility. Sectarian conflicts, discrimination and intolerance have limited social harmony. Societal norms and legal inequalities restrict women’s participation in education, employment and decision-making.

Rapid urbanisation, without adequate planning, has resulted in poor living conditions and inadequate public services. A lack of accountability and a delayed justice system have led to social grievances and unrest.