Kurram’s path to peace

Kurram, a district nestled at the strategic crossroads of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and key tribal territories, has been embroiled in land disputes and tribal conflicts for decades. The roots of these issues extend back to pre-Partition times when the land of Kurram was not just a source of livelihood but also a symbol of power and identity for the local tribes.

Historically, the tribal structure in Kurram has been marked by complex rivalries between various Pashtun tribes, with disputes often flaring up over ownership and control of land. These conflicts, simmering for centuries, have only intensified over the last few decades, particularly since 2007, when sectarian strife added a new dimension to an already volatile situation.

Kurram’s geographical location further magnifies the complexity of these conflicts. Bordering Afghanistan’s provinces of Logar, Paktia, Khost, and Nangarhar, the district holds strategic significance, particularly due to its role as a key transit route through the S-7 road that connects Kurram to Kabul. This trans-Afghan corridor, one of the shortest and most direct routes, is crucial for trade, military logistics, and humanitarian operations. Yet, despite its geopolitical importance, Kurram has remained mired in conflict, with violent tribal rivalries over land claims continuing to destabilise the region.

Following the merger of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Fata) with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Kurram gained representation in both provincial and national assemblies. However, the merger, which promised accelerated development and political inclusion, has fallen short in many respects. The extension of land laws to the merged districts in 2019, while an important step, has not yielded the desired impact on the ground. The lack of a formalised land settlement system, along with absent judicial infrastructure and critical government offices, has perpetuated a climate of uncertainty. These gaps in governance have hindered not only conflict resolution but also stalled economic growth in the region.

The recent clashes in Kurram, which resulted in the tragic loss of 44 lives, underscore the ongoing volatility of the region. In response to this surge in violence, the provincial government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, under the leadership of Chief Minister Ali Amin Khan Gandapur, took several decisive measures. Law-enforcement agencies were swiftly deployed to restore order, while political leaders and the chief secretary visited the district to oversee the situation.

As a direct intervention, I personally led a delegation to mediate a ceasefire and facilitate the safe return of the deceased, while also securing the release of prisoners held by both sides. However, the primary and only route to Parachinar still remains closed.

In addition to provincial interventions, the revival of the Grand Jirga has played a crucial role in addressing Kurram’s long-standing conflicts. This traditional council, consisting of tribal elders and influential stakeholders, had remained dormant for years but was reactivated under provincial leadership. The jirga facilitated vital dialogue between the conflicting factions, bringing together over 100 representatives and helping to build trust. Notably, the jirga has made significant strides in resolving the issues, such as commitments to avoid protests on key roads like the Thal-Kohat road and in sensitive districts like Hangu, Kohat, and Orakzai, where Sunni and Shia communities coexist.

An agreement for an indefinite ceasefire has also been reached whereas both parties have also committed to vacate their entrenched positions until a final resolution could be reached, laying the foundation for a more peaceful environment in Kurram. These measures are critical in preventing the eruption of sectarian tensions, and the jirga’s success in fostering dialogue and reconciliation is an important step toward lasting peace in Kurram.

Numerous rounds of talks have taken place since the revival of the jirga, mainly in District Kohat. On the 10th of this month, I again led a delegation for these discussions, emphasising the need for peace and unity. Key announcements were made, including the continued provision of medical aid via helicopter services, ensuring that healthcare is delivered swiftly and effectively to the district. Additionally, the provincial government allocated 2,000 tons of wheat grain from its reserve stock to address food shortages. Efforts are also underway to restore air services to Kurram, which will play a vital role in the timely evacuation of civil personnel.

A supervisory committee, headed by me and consisting of both civil administration and military personnel, has been established to oversee government efforts and ensure effective implementation of government decisions.

While such interventions have brought temporary relief, the underlying causes of the conflict remain unresolved. One of the major issues is the construction of reinforced bunkers along the primary route by conflicting parties. These bunkers, which have turned the key road into a highly insecure zone, are a source of persistent danger for local civilians. To safeguard civilians and restore order, the chief minister has issued clear directives for the dismantling of fortified bunkers along critical routes. This decisive step, aimed at reducing the risk to public safety, has been met with mutual agreement from both factions, demonstrating a collective commitment to peace and stability.

The situation is further complicated by the presence of instigators of violence, whose actions are undermining peace efforts. With both parties agreeing to assist, a firm directive has been issued to bring these instigators to justice, ensuring accountability in the pursuit of lasting peace.

The government’s approach in these tribal areas must be careful and inclusive, considering the complex cultural and political dynamics. Engaging local tribes in the decision-making process ensures that any intervention is sustainable and aligned with the region’s needs. The provincial government is also working to address infrastructural issues, such as the vulnerability of the Thal-Parachinar road, the only route connecting Kurram with the rest of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Investment in alternative road networks is underway to improve connectivity and enhance security.

Despite the challenges posed by rapid population growth, inadequate infrastructure, and poor healthcare, there is cautious optimism for the future of Kurram. With the revival of the Grand Jirga, combined with pragmatic provincial efforts, there is hope for a lasting resolution to the conflicts that have long plagued the region. The government’s focus on land reforms, the creation of a boundary commission, and investment in infrastructure are critical steps in this process. However, the success of these efforts hinges on the federal government fulfilling its promises made during the Fata merger, ensuring equitable development, and addressing the region’s infrastructural needs.

By fostering greater cooperation between provincial and federal authorities, local tribes, and civil society, Kurram can hopefully overcome its history of violence and land disputes and move toward a more prosperous and peaceful future.

The writer is the information adviser to the chief minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.