A silent struggle

On one side of the world, millions of people are fighting to survive, to live another day, to celebrate life. In stark contrast, there are those who voluntarily deprive themselves of this very right – a right that every constitution in the world guarantees to protect.

According to a WHO study, suicide is completed every 40 seconds, and 5.0 per cent of the global population will attempt suicide at least once in their lifetime. In 2019, over three-quarters (77 per cent) of global suicides occurred in low- and middle-income countries, as reported by WHO in 2021.

The situation in Pakistan is no different; the country has maintained a suicide rate between 8.0 and 9.0 per 100,000 people since 2000, representing a deeply concerning social issue with significant legal implications as well.

Until December 2022, suicide was classified as a criminal act in Pakistan under Section 325 of the Pakistan Penal Code, which imposed a punishment of up to one year of imprisonment along with a fine for attempted suicide. This law was intended to deter people from committing the act, but the persistently high suicide rates reflected the law's ineffectiveness. The government ultimately repealed this section in 2022, recognizing that criminalization was not a solution.

However, merely decriminalizing suicide does not solve this deeply rooted issue. Suicide in Pakistan requires a comprehensive approach that addresses the root causes and the challenges faced by those who experience profound hopelessness and despair.

The causes of suicide in Pakistan are multifaceted, rooted in a complex interplay of social, economic, cultural, and individual factors. Socioeconomic challenges, such as poverty and unemployment, significantly contribute, exacerbated by the country's economic crisis, high inflation, and political instability. Gender disparities, reflected in workplace harassment of women, rape, and domestic violence, also elevate suicide risks. Cultural pressures and societal expectations – including the pressure to conform to traditional norms and fulfill familial expectations – drive feelings of isolation.

These issues often lead to severe mental health problems, which largely go unaddressed. Many do not seek medical assistance due to a lack of awareness, the social stigma surrounding mental health, and limited government-supported resources. As a result, individuals experiencing these challenges may ultimately take their own lives.

A high suicide rate in a country reflects the government’s failure to develop strong and effective mental health policies and programmes. Initiatives that prioritize mental health funding, train healthcare professionals, and establish mental health facilities require legislative support. Follow-up care for those who have attempted suicide is critical, as they are at a higher risk of reattempting. Communities must foster nurturing environments for those who are vulnerable, and governments can set an example by empowering communities to do so.

Awareness is also crucial, particularly through responsible media reporting. This includes educating the public about suicide, its risk factors, and available help while avoiding graphic descriptions of suicidal acts. Governments can assist by releasing public service announcements to help people identify and treat mental disorders early, ensuring that vulnerable individuals receive the necessary care before it is too late. Mental health policies should be integrated into overall healthcare services, and governments must ensure sufficient funding to improve these services.

One of the initiatives undertaken by the government of Pakistan is the launch of a mental health app called ‘Humraaz’ in March 2023. This app aims to provide confidential help to anyone experiencing suicidal thoughts or other mental health crises, enabling patients to arrange appointments with psychiatrists and psychologists. The government has pledged to hire and train professionals to combat the mental health crisis. However, this app has limitations.

Accessibility remains an issue, as the majority of Pakistan’s population lives in rural areas with limited access to technology. Many people are unaware of this app, and others may not be able to use it even if they are informed, either because they lack digital literacy or because seeking mental health assistance remains taboo in their communities. A grassroots campaign targeting those living on the edge of poverty and illiteracy is necessary.

The primary legislative framework for mental health is the Mental Health Ordinance of 2001, under which each province has established its own regulations. However, none of these frameworks include a comprehensive plan to tackle the underlying issues that contribute to Pakistan’s high suicide rates.

A holistic approach is needed – one that encompasses mental health awareness, socioeconomic development, legal reform, and cultural shifts toward a more supportive and understanding society. Improved tracking of such cases is also essential for effective suicide prevention strategies. This could include registering suicide attempts in hospitals, maintaining vital records, and conducting nationally representative surveys on self-reported attempts.

By combining legal measures with broader societal initiatives, Pakistan can work towards an environment that prioritizes mental well-being, provides support to those in need, and fosters a society where everyone has a safe space to thrive.

The writer is a law student.