The United States and Saudi Arabia appear to have reached an understanding: Washington will reduce or eliminate Iran’s oil export revenues and in return Riyadh will guarantee oil supplies and stabilise prices.
ENERGY
The United States and Saudi Arabia appear to have reached an understanding: Washington will reduce or eliminate Iran’s oil export revenues and in return Riyadh will guarantee oil supplies and stabilise prices.
The basic deal is well understood by policymakers in both countries, with US President Donald Trump repeatedly emphasising his great personal relationship with the Saudi king and crown prince.
But strong personal relationships between the leaders and agreement on the overall deal obscure disagreement on some key details, not least the desirable level for oil prices.
Saudi Arabia and its allies believe prices should be stabilised around $75 a barrel. Trump, meanwhile, clearly thinks they should be stabilised at a significantly lower level.
Trump made the link between Iran sanctions and Saudi production policy explicit in a television interview with Fox News on July 1.The United States will counter the influence of Iran, Saudi Arabia’s major regional rival, by imposing tough sanctions.
In return Saudi Arabia will protect U.S. motorists against an increase in gasoline prices.
The president noted that the United States provides security for Saudi Arabia and other Arab Gulf countries through the presence of military forces in the region.
“We are protecting those countries, many of those countries,” he said.
In a follow-up Twitter message on July 4, the president said that “the United States defends many of those countries for very little $s”.
U.S. and Saudi objectives are not fully aligned, however, on oil prices.
Saudi Arabia’s objective, revealed at the OPEC meeting in June, has been to stabilise production and prices around current levels.
The kingdom, its Gulf allies and Russia indicated that they will lift production by about 1 million barrels per day (bpd) to offset losses from Venezuela and Iran, but not more.
The implication is that Saudi Arabia wants to keep prices around $75 a barrel and sees that level as sustainable in the medium term.
Trump, however, is not satisfied with either the current level of oil prices or the announced production increase.
“They have to put out another 2 million barrels in my opinion,” he said in the July 1 Fox interview.
"Gas prices are up & they are doing little to help,” he complained again on Twitter on July 4. “This must be a two-way street.”
The United States has always been both a major producer and consumer of oil, which means that most presidents have favoured moderate oil prices.
High prices hurt motorists and oil consumers across the country. Low prices hurt producers concentrated in Texas and other major petroleum states. From the perspective of the White House, the ideal price is not so low it causes problems for producing states but not so high it hurts consuming states.
The rise in benchmark U.S. crude prices from a low of less than $30 a barrel in February 2016 to more than $70 in July 2018 has boosted the economies of Texas, Oklahoma, North Dakota and other producing states.
But most of those states are solidly Republican and likely to vote Trump´s party at the mid-term congressional elections in 2018. The president, therefore, is paying much closer attention to the harmful impact of higher oil and gasoline prices on consumers in swing states.
The president’s repeated criticism of OPEC reflects his awareness that higher prices are already hitting a key section of his own electoral coalition.
The average cost of gasoline has risen almost 60 percent from a cyclical low of $1.87 a gallon in February 2016 to $2.97 last month.
U.S. motorists consume almost 143 billion gallons of gasoline each year, according to the U.S.
Energy Information Administration. Most is used by private motorists, though some is bought by businesses, governments, the postal service and the armed services. Total annualised expenditure on gasoline has already risen by about $157 billion a year over the past 30 months.
Every extra dollar on the price of a barrel of crude costs U.S. consumers roughly $3 billion a year, assuming refining margins and fuel taxes remain constant, and ignoring gasoline consumption by businesses and the like.
Rising gasoline prices have a similar impact to a personal tax increase and have already countered much of the benefit from individual income tax cuts passed at the end of 2017.If the impact on consumer finances still seems small, a better way to understand the effect is to put the price impact on the same basis as the announced tax cuts.
The tax cuts approved at the end of 2017 were estimated to reduce individual income taxes by a little more than $1.1 trillion over ten years. By comparison, the rise in oil prices since the start of 2016 is the equivalent of a tax increase of almost $1.6 trillion over the next decade.
The net impact of higher oil prices on the economy as a whole is obviously smaller because much of the extra revenue will be received by domestic oil producers.
But producers and consumers are not the same, and the redistribution of income has real economic and political consequences.
For many households, the gains from cuts passed last year have been offset by the rise in oil prices since 2016.While tax cuts went mostly to individuals in the upper income ranges, the burden of higher gasoline prices will be felt mostly by individuals on lower incomes because they spend a higher proportion of their earnings on fuel.
With critical elections ahead, the president has to be sensitive to the financial impact of higher fuel prices on swing voters, which is why he is pressing OPEC and Saudi Arabia to boost output enough to lower them.
The writers is a Reuters analyst
