China has successfully launched the world’s first thorium-based molten salt nuclear reactor, incorporating innovative safety features. The 2 MW thermal prototype is located in Gansu Province and achieved criticality in October 2023, reaching full power operation in October 2024. China aims to scale up this prototype to over 250 MW by 2030, marking a significant step in the development of thorium-based nuclear energy.
Thorium-232, the isotope used in this reactor, is more abundant than uranium-235, the conventional nuclear fuel. However, thorium is not directly fissile and must be converted into uranium-233 through an irradiation process. While India possesses vast thorium reserves, China benefits from thorium as a by-product of its heavy minerals industry, making it more readily available for nuclear fuel production.
Interest in thorium-based reactors had remained dormant for some time. However, due to increasing concerns over climate change and the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, renewed focus on this technology is both timely and logical. With its abundant thorium resources, China is positioning itself as a leader in clean nuclear energy development.
Engr Jan Nisar
Peshawar