LAHORE: Pakistan’s reliance on loans from the IMF and friendly countries underscores the critical challenge it faces in managing its budget deficit and foreign reserves. The IMF package has provided temporary relief, but it also adds to the country’s already substantial debt.
The finance minister has expressed that this will be Pakistan’s last IMF programme. This is the 25th IMF programme that Pakistan has obtained in the last six decades. But can it truly be the last? The answer is not as straightforward as it seems.
The three-year IMF programme offers financial assistance but also demands structural reforms, including fiscal discipline, improved tax collection and enhanced economic transparency. While these reforms could help stabilize the economy, the ability to repay the $12 billion in short-term loans hinges on the state’s political will.
If the country implements fiscal reforms that stimulate growth, improve tax collection and reduce excessive spending, the government could potentially generate enough revenue to meet its debt obligations. Boosting exports, attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) and remittances will also be crucial. However, the country’s sluggish economic growth limits its ability to service its debt.
Pakistan may seek to restructure some of its short-term loans or extend their maturity through negotiations with creditors. It is highly likely that Pakistan will struggle to repay these loans fully within the three years of the IMF programme, necessitating some form of refinancing or restructuring.
The $12 billion in short-term, high-interest loans from friendly countries further complicates the situation, as these will need to be repaid or refinanced within a relatively short period.But the key question remains: can Pakistan continue to tolerate such heavy borrowing? While loans have provided short-term relief, continuous borrowing is unsustainable. The high-interest burden could lead to a debt trap, where much of the country’s revenue is consumed by debt servicing rather than development spending. This leaves less available for critical infrastructure and social programmes, hindering long-term growth. If loans continue to accumulate, Pakistan risks defaulting, which would severely damage its economy and creditworthiness.
Pakistan has the potential to generate sufficient revenue, but this requires comprehensive reforms and growth in key areas, including tax reform. Although a 40 per cent increase in tax revenue is expected this year, Pakistan's tax-to-GDP ratio remains low. Broadening the tax base, especially by bringing informal sectors into the formal economy, could significantly increase revenue.
Pakistan has significant untapped potential in its export sector, particularly in textiles, agriculture and IT. Expanding into new markets, improving productivity, and moving up the value chain can boost export earnings. The energy sector is also a major drain on public finances due to inefficiencies and subsidies. Reforms here could reduce the budgetary burden while enhancing industrial competitiveness.
State-owned enterprises (SOEs) here are mostly inefficient and loss-making. Privatizing or reforming these entities could reduce the fiscal burden. While Pakistan already receives substantial remittances, attracting more foreign direct investment (FDI) -- especially by improving the ease of doing business -- can enhance long-term growth prospects. Improving agricultural practices and fostering industrial growth could create jobs, generate higher incomes and contribute to greater economic stability.
Ultimately, Pakistan’s ability to eliminate its budget deficit depends on sustained reforms, economic growth and improved revenue collection. While the country has potential in several areas, realizing this potential will require political will, structural reforms and a stable policy environment.